Brilliant 1932 article by Leon Trotsky, the leader of the socialist opposition to the Stalinists. Written in opposition to the ultraleft idea of the Stalinists at the time who categorised all those outside their party as fascists, with social democracy called ’social fascists’. Useful to read today as the word ‘fascist’ is grossly over-used on the Left and the concept of ‘bonapartism’ is relatively unknown. Click here to read

Plus Ted Grant’s classic 1946 article “Democracy or Bonapartism in France - A reply to Pierre Frank”. At the time, the Trotskyist Fourth International leadership believed revolution was imminent in post-war Europe. The group around Grant, later to form the CWI, argued instead that a new period of capitalist boom was to occur thanks to counter-revolutionary role of the Stalinists and the social democracy.

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